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Feature interaction is a problem mostly considered in the context of telephony features, but present in other domains. In this paper we consider policies (independent of the system that they control) as an application domain for f...
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Feature interaction is a problem mostly considered in the context of telephony features, but present in other domains. In this paper we consider policies (independent of the system that they control) as an application domain for feature interaction techniques. We present the feature interaction problem as it occurs in the policy context and show how it can be approached. We give a taxonomy for policy conflict, and introduce a generic architecture for handling policy conflict.
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We examine the interaction of monetary and fiscal policies in Indonesia from 1974Q2 to 2019Q1. Within a standard structural vector autoregression framework, we show that the reactions of the policy rules are consistent with theore...
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We examine the interaction of monetary and fiscal policies in Indonesia from 1974Q2 to 2019Q1. Within a standard structural vector autoregression framework, we show that the reactions of the policy rules are consistent with theoretical predictions. For instance, a contractionary monetary policy is trailed by a contractionary fiscal policy with lower government expenditure. We extend the analysis to evaluate the interaction of policy rules during active and passive regimes. We show that monetary and fiscal policies are not synchronized over the full sample period, suggesting structural and institutional rigidities, particularly in the past. Restricting the sample to a recent period, we find the policies are more harmonized. We attribute this to the recent joint policy coordination initiatives between the monetary and fiscal authorities.
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Recent years have seen the emergence, take-up and use of the term 'policy mix' by innovation policy makers and by policy analysts and scholars alike. Imported from economic policy debates, the term implies a focus on the interacti...
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Recent years have seen the emergence, take-up and use of the term 'policy mix' by innovation policy makers and by policy analysts and scholars alike. Imported from economic policy debates, the term implies a focus on the interactions and interdependencies between different policies as they affect the extent to which intended policy outcomes are achieved. However the meaning of the term remains ambiguous. Nonetheless, we argue that the emergence of the 'policy mix' concept into common use in the field of innovation policy studies provides us with a window of opportunity to reconsider some basic and often hidden assumptions in order to better deal with a messy and complex, multi-level, multi-actor reality. We draw upon a range of literatures to re-conceptualise the basic building blocks of innovation policy studies in order to arrive at a useful definition of'policy mix' tensions and interactions of different kinds across a series of dimensions. We suggest that this reconceptualisation has important implications for the future scope and focus of prescriptive and analytical innovation policy studies.
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National energy policies usually have a significant impact on the sectoral and overall CO_2 emissions of an EU Member State. Once the proposed EU emissions trading scheme (EU ETS) becomes operational, however, the CO_2 performance...
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National energy policies usually have a significant impact on the sectoral and overall CO_2 emissions of an EU Member State. Once the proposed EU emissions trading scheme (EU ETS) becomes operational, however, the CO_2 performance of these policies, i.e. their effectiveness and efficiency in reducing CO_2 emissions, will differ depending on whether they affect fossil fuel use by the participating or non-participating sectors of this scheme. This article discusses in particular the CO_2 performance of national energy policies affecting the participating sectors of the EU ETS. A major conclusion is that once the EU ETS becomes operational, the effectiveness of all other policies to reduce CO_2 emissions of the participating sectors becomes zero. Moreover, in a perfect economy with no market failures, these policies will lead to a lower CO_2 efficiency and less optimal market operations of the EU ETS. Hence, in such a situation, this coexistence of policy instruments cannot be justified from a CO_2 efficiency point of view. It will be argued, however, that there are three reasons why the joint use of the EU ETS and policies affecting the fossil fuel use of the participating sectors may be justified: (1) improving the design of the EU ETS, (2) correcting for market failures, and (3) meeting other policy objectives besides CO_2 efficiency. The ideas expressed in this article are illustrated by a detailed numerical example on the interaction between emissions trading and national energy policies. The article concludes with a summary of its major findings and policy implications.
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This article explores the potential of a target analysis method in acting as a link between policy objectives, targets, measures and their implementation in order to intensify the policy process. The context is the information-abu...
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This article explores the potential of a target analysis method in acting as a link between policy objectives, targets, measures and their implementation in order to intensify the policy process. The context is the information-abundant policy environment where feasibility conditions keep constantly changing. The policy process frameworks for bounded rationality and experiential incrementalism are used as a basis for exploration and complemented with our target analysis, which is tested with a case of Finnish transport policy targets. We argue that by studying synergies and conflicts as well as other dependencies between the targets presented in policy statements and also by examining the possible support or opposition of main stakeholder groups for the policy measures to meet the targets, we can appraise the potential success of the transport policy implementation. Our case study, the Finnish transport policy, presented targets with quite a clear direction, with a lot of weak synergies and only a few serious conflicts. The implementation of the policy measures, presented to meet these targets will, however, be demanding because of several reasons related to the challenges to governance that are emerging from the complex and continually changing linkages between and among transport (policy) problems, targets and their consequences. The method we presented and tested proved to be useful in bringing transport policy targets closer to policy implementation by considering policy measures to meet the targets and their acceptance as a part of the target or objective analysis process. The findings suggest that linking these often detached parts of the policy process together the co-ordination will be improved and the process hence intensified. The target analysis presented could act as an originator for a more open, interactive and particularly systematic process in transport policy formulation, leading through social learning into a more successful implementation of policies.
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The aim of this paper is to propose the main elements of a theoretical and methodological framework for the assessment of the success of complex policy mixes, to highlight the conflicts between individual instruments and other ele...
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The aim of this paper is to propose the main elements of a theoretical and methodological framework for the assessment of the success of complex policy mixes, to highlight the conflicts between individual instruments and other elements within those mixes and to propose policy recommendations in order to mitigate them. Some criteria are defined, and different levels of analysis are considered. The challenges in evaluating policy packages are illustrated with the case of the coexistence between renewable energy support and emissions trading schemes. It is shown that policy mixes inherently lead to interactions between the different instruments, either in the form of conflicts or synergies. Conflicts are horizontal (i.e., between different types of instruments) and/or vertical (i.e., between different administrative levels). It is suggested that mitigating those conflicts could require administrative coordination. Relevant coordination could take place between different administrative levels and relate to different instruments or different design elements within similar instruments. However, given the trade-offs between different criteria, the role of coordination is necessarily limited.
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Hydropower contributes to a higher share of renewables but is also in conflict with environmental legislation aiming to protect natural habitats, wildlife and endangered species. Analysing two neighbouring European countries with ...
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Hydropower contributes to a higher share of renewables but is also in conflict with environmental legislation aiming to protect natural habitats, wildlife and endangered species. Analysing two neighbouring European countries with similar topographical and hydromporphological characteristics, Austria and Slovenia, allows assessing to what extent a policies’ national context steers possible policy conflicts of EU legislation. The paper shows that hydropower expansion in examined countries is strongly shaped by factors such as financial concerns of investors, diverging opinions of involved stakeholders, available hydro potential and the role of hydropower in national energy strategies. Addressing issues that lead to a lower effectiveness of national policies already at the level of EU policy design or engaging countries to broadening their national energy portfolio by considering emerging technologies such as PV and wind will enable future energy and climate strategies that are more consistent with other environmental goals.
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Policy-makers apply multiple policy instruments simultaneously in the climate and energy policy field at both EU and Member State levels. This creates interactions between instruments that can be complementary and synergistic but ...
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Policy-makers apply multiple policy instruments simultaneously in the climate and energy policy field at both EU and Member State levels. This creates interactions between instruments that can be complementary and synergistic but also conflicting. This article focuses on the interactions of climate policy instruments and their impact on biomass use. The objectives are to examine interactions of the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) with the main national climate policy instruments and to identify the influence of these on biomass use. The work draws experiences from seven EU countries (Austria, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Sweden and the United Kingdom), with a special focus on Finland and Sweden. The analysis explores the effects of policy interactions and is based on an examination of literature, and interviews with biomass experts in research, industry and policy spheres. Results indicate that the combined effects of climate policy instruments have a tangible impact on biomass use, whereas the causal links to the EU ETS are difficult to assess separately. Policy impacts found include increased competition for biomass resources, changes in fuel mixes and a contribution to upward pressure on wood prices. Differences in these effects are linked to differing national policy mixes and energy-carrier portfolios - an example being the relative differences in the importance of peat to the energy mix in Finland and Sweden. Analysis and comparison of the effects in the selected countries can yield insight on how to improve the design of policy interventions that impact biomass use. This study confirms the importance of identifying interactions between policy instruments so as to recognise - and manage - synergies and conflicts. The development of more synergistic and coordinated policy instrument mixes would also be beneficial for the bioenergy field.
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Mistra’s Climate Policy Research Program, Clipore, is one of the largest research programs directed to support international climate policy development, involving research groups in Sweden, Norway, United States and India. It has...
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Mistra’s Climate Policy Research Program, Clipore, is one of the largest research programs directed to support international climate policy development, involving research groups in Sweden, Norway, United States and India. It has been running from 2004 to 2011 with a budget of more than 100MSEK(15 MUSD). The paper briefly describes the program and its outcomes in relation to climate policy development. Discussion focuses on how the program has been able to be in the front of and include the development of emissions trading systems in Europe and the United States and how the program has been able to follow and produce inputs to the agenda of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The paper also discusses how the program has managed to present its outcomes and maintain an active dialogue with the various stakeholders. The paper emphasises options and obstacles in the communication between science and policy.
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In order to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, many countries have set various kinds of policy targets and introduced policy instruments accordingly, such as carbon pricing and renewable electricity subsidies. As a consequence...
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In order to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, many countries have set various kinds of policy targets and introduced policy instruments accordingly, such as carbon pricing and renewable electricity subsidies. As a consequence, potential interactions and, especially, conflicts between these co-existing instruments have become a significant concern. In this paper, a partial equilibrium model is constructed to explore the interaction between carbon pricing and renewable electricity subsidies. Based on this model, the following issues are explored: the conditions under which a single policy is optimal and the scenarios where a mixed policy is necessary in the realisation of the outlined policy targets, and the means by which to coordinate different policy targets to reduce the negative effects of any potential conflicts, especially possible CO_2 price collapses. The optimal portfolio of the two policy targets is obtained, and the method of coordinating them to stabilise CO_2 prices is delineated. Thereafter, an empirical study of China's case is conducted. The results show that with the policy targets set by the Chinese government for 2020, renewable energy power subsidies may lead to a collapse of CO_2 prices, and a tightening of the carbon emission budget is necessary to stabilise the latter.
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